Best practices in project quality management/leadership for information technology Essay

A great many people just acknowledge low quality from numerous data innovation (IT) items. So consider the possibility that ones PC crashes a few times each week. Simply guarantee there is back up for information. So imagine a scenario in which one can't sign in to the business intranet or the web at the present time. Simply endeavor a little later when it is less occupied. So imagine a scenario in which the most recent adaptation of word-preparing programming was transported with a few bugs. One may like the software’s new highlights, and all new programming has bugs. Is quality a genuine issue with data innovation ventures? Truly, it is! IT isn't only an extravagance accessible in certain workplaces, homes, or schools. Firms all through the world furnish representatives with access to PCs. Most of individuals in the US utilize the web, and utilization in different nations keeps on extending quickly. It took just six years for 60 million individuals to utilize the web contrasted with 20 years for 60 million to utilize mobile phones (Kathy, 2008, p. 292). Numerous issues of individual and additionally bunch lives rely upon top notch IT items. Food is created and circulated with the assistance of PCs; vehicles have PC chips to screen execution; understudies use PCs to help them learn in school; associations rely upon innovation for some, business capacities; and a huge number of individuals rely upon innovation for diversion and individual interchanges (Kathy, 2008). Numerous IT anticipates create crucial frameworks that are used throughout everyday life and-demise conditions. For example, route frameworks on airplane and PC segments incorporated with clinical hardware. Money related establishments and their customers likewise rely upon great data frameworks. Customers get extremely steamed when frameworks present off base information or show data to unapproved individuals that could result to wholesale fraud. At the point when any of these frameworks falls flat, it is substantially more than a minor burden (Taguchi, 2004). 1. 1 Definitions Before one can improve its nature ventures, it is a great idea to comprehend the essential ideas of task quality administration. In fact, it is difficult to characterize venture quality administration. As indicated by the global association for normalization (ISO) quality can be characterized as the totality of highlights of an association that bear on its capacity to fulfill expressed or suggested prerequisites (Kathy, 2008). It can likewise be characterized as the degree to which a lot of characteristic highlights satisfies needs (ISO9000). Different experts characterize quality dependent on adherence to necessities and readiness for use. Adherence to needs implies project’s items and procedures meet set down determinations. Qualification for use suggests an item can be utilized as it was expected. The reason for venture quality administration is to ensure that the task will satisfy the prerequisites for which it was attempted. Venture the board includes among others things meeting or outperforming partner necessities and expectations. The task bunch must start great associations with center partners, particularly the essential customer for the undertaking, to fathom what quality suggests to them. Numerous specialized tasks come up short in light of the fact that the venture the executives bunch points just at meeting the composed prerequisites for the undertaking (Juran and Frank, 2002). Quality, subsequently, must be on an equivalent premise with venture extension, cost, and time. In the event that the project’s partners are disappointed with the nature of the venture the board or the final results of the undertaking, the administration gathering will require changing time, cost, and extension to satisfy partner needs. In which case meeting just archived prerequisites for time, cost, and extension isn't adequate. To accomplish partner satisfaction, the undertaking bunch must concoct a decent working relationship with all partners and understand their inferred or expressed prerequisites. Best practices: throughout the years, associations have gotten hypnotized with the term-best practice-yet after proceeded with use, specialists started examining the articulation and now better definitions exist. A best practice begins essentially with a thought. Realizing that there is a procedure, apparatus, action, or strategy that can convey results viably than some other technique and furnishes one with the ideal outcomes with less hindrances and unsurprising complexities is a welcome. Thus, one evidently winds up with a proficient method of finishing an undertaking by utilization of a repeatable methodology that possesses stood the trial of energy for a serious huge number of IT anticipates (Kathy, 2008). As undertaking quality administration advanced, so did the implications of best practices. A few meanings of best practices are muddled while others are some way or another straightforward. However, the two of them address a similar point of empowering venture quality administration all through the association. Firms must settle on the profundity and degree of their prescribed procedures. Must it be at significant level and nonexclusive or at a low level and itemized? A nonexclusive best practice may not achieve the ideal efficiencies though a point by point one might not have boundless appropriateness. Essentially, any firm can choose to have own meaning of best practices and there may even be organization quality prerequisites on the meaning of such accepted procedures. For instance, a best practice can be characterized as something that: works, functions admirably, functions admirably on a tedious premise, prompts an upper hand, can be distinguished in journey to improve business, and keeps the firm from issues. 1. 2 Principles Generally, there are 3 fundamental standards/procedures of task quality administration: 1. 2. 1 Planning quality Planning for quality includes distinguishing which quality guidelines are applicable to the venture and how to satisfy those norms. Incorporating quality principles into venture configuration is a center bit of value arranging. For an IT anticipate, quality gauges incorporate empowering framework development, arranging an extensive reaction time, or ensuring that the framework produces precise and steady data. The center yields of value arranging are a quality administration plan, quality measurements, quality agendas, a procedure improvement plan, and venture report refreshes. 1. 2. 2 Performing quality confirmation Performing quality affirmation incorporates periodical assessment of the entire venture execution to ensure that the undertaking will satisfy the ideal quality guidelines. The procedure includes accepting jobs of value in the whole venture life cycle. Senior administration must start to lead the pack in underlining the jobs all workers play in quality confirmation. The center yields of this procedure are authoritative procedure resource, venture the board, venture record, and change demands refreshes (Kathy, 2008). 1. 2. 3 Performing quality control Performing quality control includes checking explicit venture results to ensure that they stick to the ideal quality prerequisites while distinguishing techniques to upgrade extreme quality. This procedure is generally connected to the specialized methods and devices of value the board, for example, quality control diagrams, factual testing, and Pareto outlines. The fundamental yields of value control incorporate quality control estimations, approved expectations, change demands, approved changes, hierarchical procedure resource refreshes, venture the board plan, and undertaking record refreshes (Kathy, 2008). This examination tries to: †¢ Incorporate the accepted procedures in venture quality administration with quality initiative/collaboration inside a quality centered organization, †¢ Evaluate the noteworthiness of task quality administration for IT items and administrations, †¢ Understand the strategies and devices for quality control, and †¢ Describe how initiative model identify with improving quality in data innovation ventures. 2. 0 Review of Literature In his book on quality control, Juran (2002) focused on the importance of top administration pledge to nonstop item quality improvement. In 2000, Juran distributed the fifth release of his well known book. In the two writings, Juran created and based upon a set of three including quality improvement, quality control, and quality arranging. Juran accentuated the contrast between the manufacturer’s perspective on quality and the client’s see. He saw that manufacturer’s concentrated on adherence to prerequisites, however client’s concentrated on qualification for use. In this book, Juran created 10 phases to quality improvement. These incorporate; building attention to the need and chance for development, set objectives for enhancements, sort out to arrive at the objectives, give preparing, complete tasks to take care of issues, report progress, give acknowledgment, impart results, keep evaluations, and keep up force by setting up yearly improvement part of the standard frameworks and procedures of the economy. Crosby (1979) composed Quality Is Free and is most popular for proposing that organizations battle for zero deformities. He focused on that the expenses of low quality must incorporate all expenses of not accomplishing the work right the first run through, for example, improve, scrap, squandered worker hours and machine hours, client malevolence and squandered deals, and guarantee costs. Crosby recommended that the expense of low quality is abused to the point that organizations can productively spend boundless measures of cash on upgrading quality. Like Juran, Crosby created 14 phases for quality improvement; these incorporate creation it clear that administration is focused on quality, sorting out quality control groups with agents from each area, building up where current and potential quality issues lie, assessing the expense of value and clarifying its utilization as an administration instrument, raising the quality mindfulness and individual worry everything being equal, take activities to address issues recognized through past advances, setting up a board for the zero deformities program, preparing directors to effectively do their piece of the quality improvement program, holding a-zero imperfections day-to permit all representatives understand that there has been a change, urging people to set up progress objectives for themselves a

Climate change Essay Example for Free

Environmental change Essay In this time of industrialization there is no uncertainty that nations are creating as far as assets and innovation however there are repercussions also. Researchers are of the view that human exercises are adding to an ascent in world temperatures as well as to the outrageous climatic events. Such climatic initiated catastrophic events have uprooted numerous individuals from the safe house of their homes, have transformed ripe grounds into infertile parts and have caused a consumption of new water assets (China advises rich countries to settle up on environmental change, 2008). â€Å"It is anticipated that the normal worldwide temperature will ascend from between 1. 5 and 5 degrees Celsius throughout the following 100 years prompting an ascent in ocean level by one meter or more alongside different grievous climatic changes† (Climate Change: Economic Sense and Non-feeling of Carbon Mitigation Policies, 2002). However, the present reality is so fascinated in arriving at the top most situation among industrialized nations that there is supreme obliviousness about the reasons for climatic catastrophes. In spite of the fact that there are individuals who accept that the intense temperature increment in the course of the most recent 100 years is a characteristic wonder, yet the wide larger part of the researchers contend that human exercises are the underlying driver. â€Å"When it was understood that the radical climatic changes are a significant issue and should be handled, the principal achievement was propelled in 2005, named as the Kyoto convention which planned for diminishing the gas emanations from industrialized countries† (Pettifor, 2008). Be that as it may, the fundamental issue with respect to this convention is that a portion of the world’s greatest present and future polluters are not a signatory to this understanding because of which this convention is probably not going to have any effect on the climatic changes (Climate Change, 2008). Populace development in such nations is considering the set up of more ventures which will inevitably quicken the issue close by. On the off chance that advancements which cause less contamination and are relatively less expensive are made and received at that point even nations which are not dedicated to the climatic change improvement will embrace them for their own monetary personal responsibility. Such advancements can be actualized in power creation and transportation on the grounds that these are the two elements which add to ecological contamination in every creating nation. In numerous nations carbon free options have just been executed for vitality creation and transport purposes and the additional expenses have been viewed as small when contrasted with the advantages. Emanation exchanging is a marvel that takes into account the accomplishment of contamination decrease at diminished expenses whereby a nation which can meet its objective of lessening discharges sells its contamination license to another nation which can't meet the objective set (Howden, 2007). Arrangements are required both in creating and the created nations to fund the system of sparing the planet. These approaches incorporate certain motivating forces and appropriations for the trailblazer who receives the carbon free advancements in his creation plant , duties and charges upheld on the individuals who neglect to follow the decreased outflow target and furthermore government guidelines that permit evacuate the hindrance to section for new contestants ready to embrace the lower carbon options. In January 2007 the EU set out recommendations for a worldwide concurrence on sparing the planet from further climatic weakening (Climate Change: Economic Sense and Non-feeling of Carbon Mitigation Policies, 2002). Two key focuses to be met by 2020 were set which remembered a 20% decrease for vitality utilization and utilization of sustainable power source assets to be expanded by 20%. The EU nations additionally dedicated to eliminating ozone harming substance discharges by 30% given that other created nations likewise focus on decreases in gas outflows under a worldwide understanding (Climate Change, 2008). It is the rich nations that should be pressurized to make strides in the moderation of climatic changes and give money to the less fortunate nations that might be hesitant to eliminate emanations since it would have unfriendly effects on their economy (Climate Change, 2008). Notwithstanding the current financial strife which the whole world is confronting, the U. S has vowed to give endowments to the vehicle business to assist them with creating green vehicles which will help in making a cleaner and less contaminated condition. This progression taken by the U. S spurred the EU part states to do likewise. Correspondingly the German government is considering offering charge motivating forces to the overall population to introduce vitality effective warming frameworks in their homes and to buy the carbon free, earth cordial green vehicles. What's more, the rundown goes not stop here, administrations of various nations are considering giving endowments to businesses to create green apparatuses, green planes, productive lighting gear, and better protection, etc (Howden, 2007). To execute this cash is required which is relied upon to originate from private speculators. Later on years it is anticipated that a huge segment of government spending will be coordinated towards sparing the earth from climatic changes (Pettifor, 2008). China, one of the most excited nation in managing the climatic change emergency has underscored on the requirement for rich countries to contribute 1% of their GDP to enable more unfortunate countries to counter the impacts of the extraordinary climatic changes, to empower them to receive the ‘green technologies’ and to just help them in handling debacles like quakes, floods, heat waves and dry spells (China advises rich countries to settle up on environmental change, 2008). A principle human action which is adding to an Earth-wide temperature boost is deforestation which has been happening worldwide at an enormous scope. Carbon emanations brought about by deforestation cause unmistakably more harm then either processing plants or vehicles do. Nations are actualizing exacting guidelines with respect to deforestation and have forced punishments on those enjoying this follow up on lands where it is denied. No new innovation is required it is only the authorization approaches, political will and motivators that should be given to government and people the same to cause them to understand the significance of woods to the earth. Be that as it may, less fortunate countries are reluctant to eliminate deforestation since it implies settling on their wellspring of pay and eventually settling on their economy. Ranger service specialists and arrangement producers have held gatherings in Germany to attempt to put deforestation on the plan of UN for managing climatic changes however Papua New Guinea, one of the world’s most unfortunate countries declined to co-work when it proclaimed that it can’t cut down on deforestation except if it was offered budgetary motivations to do as such. Common forestation goes about as an indoor regulator for the earth producing genuinely necessary precipitation and balancing out the measure of hurtful gases in nature yet governments are uninformed or rather decide to remain unconscious of this reality and are concentrating more on executing monetary approaches , empowering bio-fuel sponsorships and carbon catch plans to handle the issue of climatic changes (Summary for Policy Makers, 2007). For residential clients of vitality, instruction and preparing programs should be executed to separate the hesitance of embracing naturally well disposed items and to help in making a carbon free condition. For ventures also staff preparing, rewards framework, mindfulness projects can lessen vitality utilization impressively and diminish the green house gases outflows (Pettifor, 2008). There are sure monetary arrangements which can be actualized to accomplish the ideal impacts like duties and charges on ventures discharging carbon toxicants over a specific given level can be forced which will prompt them to inevitably eliminate contaminating the earth. Deliberate understandings between the administrations and businesses just as between creating nations like the Kyoto convention can quicken the appropriation of innovative advances and cause impressive outflow decreases (Climate Change: Economic Sense and Non-feeling of Carbon Mitigation Policies, 2002). In any case, then again it should be remembered that albeit cruel guidelines and gauges and expense burdens may have the ideal impact in the modern area yet with regards to residential families, who are additionally a significant supporter of condition emanations because of vehicle utilization and household warming, we have to thoroughly consider of the case and think of increasingly possible and down to earth arrangements Individuals should be persuaded of the need to receive innovation and grasp ‘green appliances’ and for that the fundamental inspiration is the fiscal motivator. Larger part of the worldwide populace isn't an early adopter of innovation and for the wellbeing of they it should be remembered that they will search for diminished expenses instead of being named the most techno-canny individual of the year (Pettifor, 2008). Individuals should be taught as opposed to constrained into embracing sustainable power source assets. Same goes for the mechanical part of the rich countries however harsher techniques to eliminate their discharges can be applied also by the legislature. It is the more unfortunate countries that show the greatest hesitance and are reluctant to co-work in the system to spare the earth from further climatic decimation. These countries are increasingly worried about their economy since as of now they are a long ways behind the rich countries and on that the global bodies force limitations on them to eliminate emanations which in the long run mean a restriction on their business activities (Summary for Policy Makers, 2007). The momentary endeavors that are being done to spare the world from a dangerous atmospheric devation and ozone exhaustion are fundamentally a misuse of assets and cash since they will in general have little impact. It is more shrewd to spend all the more yet concoct long haul suitable arrangements

Top Commentators Award For April 2010

Top Commentators Award For April 2010 Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Top Commentators Award For April 2010Updated On 17/04/2017Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : EditorialShort URL : http://hbb.me/2ozgyUo CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogOnce again Im glad to announce the winners of Top Commentators For April 2010.Last month we published more articles and thus helped us to improve our posting frequency and get lot of active commentators.Hope we continue this kind of frequency every month.The Top Commentator of April is Directory Sieve. The second Top Commentator is Samuel.Total Comments :1. Directory Sieve 41 Comments2. Samuel 34 CommentsMy best wishes and congratulations to them and for all who participated eagerly. Kudos.Send your 125*125 banner asap to this email id : pradeep [at] hellboundbloggers [dot] comTC - April 2010MUST READ : 1. Brand Your Comments To Drive Traffic To Your Blog2. HellBound Bloggers Comments Policy3. Ad Slots F or Top CommentatorsIf you are going to participate in this months contest, then you can subscribe to HellBound Bloggers to get the articles as soon as possible.CHECK THIS : Ways For Respecting Your Beloved CommentatorsWhy dont you participate right now by commenting here? ??READTop Commentators Award For January 2010

The Enlightenment Period and Napoleons Rule Essay

The time of the Enlightenment was a time of great change, reform, and the emergence of great minds such as Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, and even Copernicus. These men cleared the path to thinking in a new way and brought about the change necessary for the Scientific Revolution. The Enlightenment allowed people to think more critically and even was the time in which the â€Å"Experimental Method† was consolidated by Galileo Galilei (1564-1642, Buckler, J., Crowston, p.592 para. 6). It allowed people to begin to think â€Å"out of the box† if you will. Monarchies and the power of the king before this time ruled over the general population unthreatened and very rarely did opposition come to stand. Quite often if opposition did stand†¦show more content†¦Napoleons’ rise to emperor in France was indisputable mostly because of his overthrow of the Directory. His success’s as commander of the French army in Italy, only led to his aspir ing status change to â€Å"Emperor† of France after overthrowing the Directory in November of 1799. His undying ambition for expansion of the empire he was creating however would be his undoing. Napoleons rule as emperor of France was quit spectacular actually and many admired and adored him as ruler. His ways were very appealing, and as a speaker he was very persuasive and admired by most of his people until his later years in his fall and demise. However, Napoleon did not seriously adhere to the ideals of the French Revolution, he did that of the Enlightenment but his undying ambition and character as â€Å"Emperor† undermined the true need of the French Revolution. The ideals of the Enlightenment were pretty straightforward. They involved the change of speculation, to experimentation thanks to the help of Galileo (1564-1642, Buckler, J., Crowston, p.592 para. 6), the hope of religious tolerance regardless of the type of religion, individual freedom, as well as secul ar Education for man to better understand their world and that of their surroundings. Napoleon very charismatically ruled over his empire and actually did advocate the ideals of the Enlightenment. He was a supporter of religious tolerance, believed in individual freedom,Show MoreRelatedEnlightenment and the French Revolution1227 Words   |  5 PagesName Subject Professor Date Enlightenment Influence on Political, Social and Cultural Policies of French Revolutionary Period. The age of enlightenment led by influential intellectuals during the 18th century Europe greatly inspired the French citizens, especially the peasants, leading to the revolutionary period culminating from 1789 to 1799. The enlightenment is hailed as the foundation of today’s western political and intellectual culture.1 Growth of liberal democracies and democraciesRead MoreFrench Revolution Vs. Immanuel Kant1265 Words   |  6 Pagesmembers made up 98 percent of the Third Estate, but even so, could still be outvoted by the Nobels and Aristocrats. After being silenced for so long by the higher classes on matters of state, the lower class began to read and foster ideas about the Enlightenment. Armed with such knowledge, members of the lower class began question why they were forced to live without say in their government. At this point, the Third Estate began to mobilize support for equal representation and rally for the abolishmentRead MoreRollercoaster of Arts and A rchitecture Brought About by Napolean Bonaparte1083 Words   |  5 Pagesin most part because of the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte. Soon enough art would become a way for people, (even those without high-level education) to express themselves. The new styles of architecture and visual arts that Napoleon introduced in France sparked new eras of art like Romanticism that he used to make himself popular; it caused Napoleon to be noticed, not just because of his military conquests, but also because of his artistic vision and innovation. The rule of Napoleon Bonaparte was spectacularRead MoreRevolutions: The Road to Independence Essay877 Words   |  4 Pagesestablished a new republic. In France, protesters abolished the authority of France and reorganized the French society, and Latin America sought liberty from Spain’s control. One thing all three revolutions had in common was that they were inspired by Enlightenment ideas. Since the development of these revolutions were encouraged by specific motives, they began to progress toward a more civilized order of humanity. How were they alike? How were they different? These questions imply the relationship betweenRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Egyptian Revolution1444 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many ideals of the enlightenment that influenced greatly the French Revolution (1789-1815) as well as the Egyptian Revolution (2011-Present).Some philosophes that created and supported these ideas were John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Voltaire. Ideas supp orted by these philosophes were the rights to life, liberty, and property, the freedoms of speech and religion and equality. Many causes of the French Revolution are similar to Egyptian Revolution. Some causes of the French RevolutionRead MoreHistory of The Spanish Inquisition1496 Words   |  6 PagesThe Spanish Inquisition became a major part of Spain’s history. The Spanish Inquisition began a restoration for Catholicism but as time progressed, it began to be seen as a terrible aspect of Spain rule by other European countries. The Spanish Inquisition was formed to get rid of heresy but soon turned into using force, to have people convert to Catholicism and get rid of the growing threat of Judaism and Protestantism. The Islamic presence in Spain would lead to a medieval Inquisition which servedRead MoreEssay on The Three Different French Empires1436 Words   |  6 Pagesdistinguish between three different French empires as starting with the period of the rule of the ancià ©n regime, known as the Kingdom of France, lasting from 1594 to 1789. Subsequently, one can distinct the empire as created by Napoleon I as a second empire which lasted from 1804 to 1814 (and a brief restoration in 1805), which was the first to be actually named an empire, and finally the second French empire, founded by Napoleons nephew Napoleon III which lasted from if 1851 to 1948. This paper drawsRead MoreJohn Locke1815 Words   |  8 PagesThe enlightenment era arose in the modern cultural ideology of the 18th century, as ideas among philosophers had a widespread effect among the society. The age of enlightenment, in western society, projected the rejection of traditional Christianity, western philosophy, intellectual advances, scientific, and cultural life, government legitimacy and authority. Upon the enlightenment period multiple philosophers emerged, the individuals arose to leading figures using reason to understand all aspectsRead MoreIn Praise of Illiteracy1896 Words   |  8 Pagescertainly increase. The figure is impressive but misleading for Humanity comprises not only the living and the unborn but the dead as well. If they are not forgotten, then the conclusion becomes inevitable that literacy is the exception rather than the rule. It could occur only to us, that is, to a tiny minority of people who read and write, to think of those who don’t as a tiny minority. This notion betrays an ignorance I find insupportable. I envy the illiterate his memory, his capacity for concentrationRead MoreThe Battle Of The Napoleonic Wars2275 Words   |  10 Pagesand unjust social and legislative rules but, their scars forever remained impressed upon Jewish minds. Multiple attempts for emancipation came forth but were never truly acted upon, the first being in December of 1789 and last in 1806 under the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte. During so, life altered dramatically for Jews living in France while anti-semitic political wars fought for their resentment of them. For the better, this represented one of the greatest periods of transformation for Jewish communities

Master Status Definition and Examples in Sociology

Put simply, a master status is the defining social position a person holds, meaning the title the person most relates to when trying to express themselves to others. In sociology, it is a concept that lies at the core of a persons social identity and influences that persons roles and behaviors in a societal context. Occupation is often a master status because it forms such an important part of a persons identity and affects the other roles one may occupy such as a family member or friend, a resident of a city, or even a hobby enthusiast. In this way, a person may identify as a teacher, firefighter, or pilot, for example. Gender, age, and race are also common master statuses, where a person feels the strongest allegiance to their core defining characteristics. Regardless of what master status a person identifies with, it is often largely due to external social forces like socialization and social interaction with others, which shape how we see and understand ourselves and our relationships with others. Phrase Origins The sociologist Everett C. Hughes originally noted the term master status in his presidential  address given at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association in 1963, where he summarized its definition as the tendency of observers to believe that one label or demographic category is more significant than any other aspect of the observed persons background, behavior or performance. Hughes address was later published as an article in the  American Sociological Review, titled Race Relations and the Sociological Imagination. Particularly, Hughes noted the idea of race as an important master status for many in American culture at the time. Other early observations of this trend also posited that these master statuses often existed socially to group like-minded individuals together. This meant that men who identified as Asian American more than they identified as being economically middle class or an executive of a small company would often befriend others who identified primarily as Asian American. Types There are a variety of ways in which humans identify  themselves  in social  settings, but its harder to note  specifically  the identities with which they  most  identify. Some sociologists  posit this is because  a persons master status  is inclined to change over the course of their life, depending on the  cultural, historical and personal events that affect  ones life course. Still, some identities persist throughout a persons life, such as  race or ethnicity, sex  or  sexual orientation, or even  physical or mental ability. Some others though, like religion or spirituality, education or age and economic standing can change more easily, and often do. Even becoming a parent or grandparent can provide a master status for one to achieve. Basically, if you look at master statuses as overarching achievements one can accomplish in life, one can define almost any accomplishment as their master status of choice. In some cases, a person can  choose their master status by consciously projecting certain characteristics, roles, and attributes in their social interactions with others. In other cases, we may not have much of a choice of what our master status in any given situation. Women, racial and sexual minorities, and people with disabilities often find that their master status is chosen for them by others and strongly defines how others treat them and how they experience society in general. Updated by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Diversity And Diversity Of Diversity - 1657 Words

people are the same. Thus, diversity studies would then be reduced to the conclusion that ‘everyone is different’ and, if this conclusion is accepted, the concept of diversity may become â€Å"nothing more than a benign, meaningless concept† (Nkomo, 1995). The danger in narrowly defining diversity, however, is that only one dimension of cultural diversity (race, age, ethnicity, or gender) is by and large the subject of research at a time. Since a cultural diversity dimension interacts with other dimensions of diversity narrow concept of diversity would be deficient by failing to recognize these interactions. Scholars, who advocate a broad definition (e.g. Jackson, May Whitney, 1995) argue that diversity encompasses all the possible ways people can differ. Individuals, according to this school of thought, do not only differ because of their race, gender, age and other demographic categories, but also because of their values, abilities, organizational function, ten ure and personality. They contend that an individual has multiple identities and that the manifold dimensions cannot be isolated in an organizational setting. Apart from bringing their race, age, ethnicity, and gender, individuals also come with their particular knowledge, personality, and cognitive style to the work place. Therefore, in order to understand the dynamics of a heterogeneous workforce, the interactive effects of multi-dimensional diversity have to be addressed. In addition, it is argued that a broadeningShow MoreRelatedDiversity And Diversity Of Diversity923 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity is engagement across racial and ethnic lines consist of a broad and varied set of activities and initiative (Milem, Chang, and Antonio 2005). Diversity is about recognizing that each individual is unique and have differences. These differences include the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs, poli tical beliefs or other ideologies. Diversity is meant to bring respect, understanding, and tolerance, acceptingRead MoreDiversity And Diversity Of Diversity2133 Words   |  9 PagesSlavin9 Diversity Leadership ?An individual has not started living until he can rise above the narrow confines of his individualistic concerns to the broader concerns of all humanity.?- Martin Luther King, Jr. This quote signifies my feelings towards diversity. I do agree that diversity is important not only in the workplace but in all surroundings of your life. However, it is substantially important in an organization and in a workplace for many reasons. It is a great way forRead MoreDiversity And Diversity For A Company873 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity is a key contributor in today’s workforce. Many factors effect diversity and there are guidelines a company can follow to ensure it is diverse. Diversity and inclusion can be tools to create a competitive advantage for a company and can help solve issues by looking at problems from different perspectives. It also contributes to the employees by allowing for work with many types of people. According to Phillips and Gu lly (2014) â€Å"Diversity awareness enables you to hire, retain and motivateRead MoreDiversity And Its Impact On Diversity975 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity Diversity represents the â€Å"multitude of individual differences and similarities that exist among people† (Kinicki Kreitner, 2013). It pertains to the host of individual differences that make all of us unique and different from one another. Diversity in an organization continues beyond hiring employees of numerous backgrounds, but involves embracing and empowering all minorities. Thankfully, globalization and strategic alliances have transformed business economies drastically to set upRead MoreDiversity And Cultural Diversity1288 Words   |  6 PagesCultural diversity is defined as â€Å"the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society† (Google diversity). As we continue down the path of globalization it becomes important to reflect on the ever-changing landscape of society and the values people may have in them. This applies both towards society and the work place in which society must operate. Companies like Ernst Young, ATT, and Comcas t acknowledge the changing landscape and are leading the charge towards becoming aRead MoreReflection On Diversity And Diversity867 Words   |  4 Pageshis or her diversity. Also, a leader needs to include every individual to participate in the activities or meetings. The chapter contains the explanation, the history, practice, and barriers of both diversity and inclusion. I will share my reflection about understanding and using diversity and inclusion to become a better leader. According to the article, diversity is the existence of different cultures or ethnicities within a group or an organization. So it telling me that diversity is that eachRead MoreDiversity And Diversity Essay904 Words   |  4 Pagessociety. Throughout diversity is where there is real value. Hearing different points of view makes us consider more options. At this point we need to stop worrying about being offensive to others and just be open and honest to having real conversations that advance our mission at work and in our communities. We get as much energy from the faces we see in our crowds as we give through our daily interaction with different groups. It is our moral obligation to promote diversity and engage groups ofRead MoreDiversity Of Diversity At The Workplace942 Words   |  4 PagesIn this week’s integrated article, review, I am focusing on diversity at the workplace. This is a topic very relevant and important for any organizations success. Diversity at the workplace refers to any characteristic that makes people different from one another. Today’s workforce is a diverse mix in terms of age, gender, ethnicity, generational attitudes. It is important for an organization to adopt diversity management practices to bring this diverse mix together into a stable productive unitRead MoreDiversity And Cultural Diversity1198 Words   |  5 Pagestrait. The authors also affirmed that a cultural competent system acknowledges, integrates and incorporates the relevance of culture, evaluation of cross-cultural relations, , and adaptation of services to meet culturally unique needs(pg.294). Diversity and cultural competence are two main concepts that are essential to address and take action to incorporate minorities with the main goal to have citizen engagement. Citizen engagement which is defined as the ability, and incentive for regular citizensRead MoreDiversity And Diversity Of The Workforce895 Words   |  4 PagesCompanies have had to conform to what is known today in society. Diversity in the workforce includes a couple of different aspects. Companies must recruit, train, promote and utilize employees whom are diverse (Bateman, 2013, p. 204). Diverse being individuals who have a different ethnic backgrounds, different beliefs, different cultures, and different abilities. Diversity includes women and minorities, but also utilizing each of the individual employee’s abilities to help make the company more effective

Causes Of Divorce Essay Example For Students

Causes Of Divorce Essay It seems that more and more marriages are falling apart everyday. Divorce rates seen to be climbing astronomically. In so many of these divorces there are children to be considered. What is best for the child? Who will get custody? Will the child be scarred for life? It’s really hard to say. The overall effects on our children vary according to the factors involved. I am going to attempt to discuss a few of the problems that can occur with children of divorced families and what parents can do to ease the transition. I will limit this discussion to infantile age thru early elementary aged children. Let’s start with understanding the parents role concerning being together or being apart. Obviously, two parents can provide children with far more guidance, sustenance, and protection than one, and are more likely to prevent the kinds of psychological disturbance that may result from deprivations of these necessities . There may be strange reasons for divorce. People tend to believe that most of the marriages break down because of betrayal, financial fraud, alcohol or drug addiction, infidelity, and malice, says Jessica Elizabeth Opert, a famous interlocutor. In fact, divorces occur as a result of more insignificant everyday actions or inaction, which destroys communication and feelings between two people. Five the most unexpected divorce reasons Sometimes we feel that both of us are doing everything right, but the stuff is going wrong. To avoid unpleasant situations in your life, we want you to take a look at the most common unexpected divorce reasons: Lack of visual contact. When many people are asked about how they guessed that a partner fell in love with them, they respond that this was evident in their eyes. When people talk without distracting from a TV or smartphone, a special intimate connection disappears. In order not to break your marriage, try to dine with the TV off and without other distractions, put the mobile phones away from the bedroom. The spouses agree with each other in every single detail. Constant avoidance of conflicts, especially at the outset of relationships, leads to the fact that partners don’t develop skills in overcoming with difficulties. Don’t be afraid to say straight away that you do not like the behavior of a partner that frustrates you and what you would like to change. Fading passion and rare sex. Your conversations with a husband are focused only on practical issues such as who will take a daughter from kindergarten or what to buy for dinner? When almost all communication revolves around children and home, this is a bad sign. In order not to bring the case before the divorce, try to ask the husband more often, as his day passed and talked before bedtime. Such conversations bring together emotionally. Dependence on social networks. Social networks are a growing factor of divorce in our time; While you update the Facebook ribbon, you could dine with your spouse in a restaurant or take a walk in the park. Loss of personality. Paying attention to your wife or husband to the detriment of your own interests and dreams leads to the slow destruction of relationships. The same thing applies to a constant joint pastime. Don’t forget that you have personal space, friends, hobbies. Develop your personality and don’t lose it. The most common causes of family divorce Why do families divorce? Each pair has its own history of rupture; however, according to statistic, psychologists distinguish seven major reasons for divorce: If we talk about the reasons for the divorce of young families, then the first cause of divorce is the unwillingness to marry. Usually, such couples make a decision to marry because of love euphoria. And they have no idea of what family life is. The result of such a marriage will be endless quarrels, unwillingness to listen and hear each other, going to actions, sacrificing anything to keep the marriage. Another reason for broken marriages is the pernicious passions of one of the spouses. Alcoholism, drug addiction, game addiction all this makes family life unbearable. One more reason is marital infidelity. Betrayal can be understood, explained, but it’s very difficult to forgive. Many simply do not want to tolerate such a partners attitude and, as a conclusion, apply for divorce. Quite often the reason for the negative effects of marriage is material difficulties. As a rule, the responsibility for the lack of money in the family is put on the man. That’s why the wife accuses her husband, reproaching him in failure or unwillingness to earn. Relationships, wormhole which is material goods, are short-lived. Its hard for people to get along with each other; the whole family life is that men and women learn to co-exist together, respecting the rights and desires of the partner. If the spouses are different in temperament, they have fundamentally different views on the organization of life, the education of children, etc., it becomes difficult for them to find a compromise to maintain a long, harmonious relationship. Also, the reason for divorce may be sexual dissatisfaction or health problems, including reproductive problems. Often, instead of turning to a problem-solving specialist, the couple makes a decision to divorce. One of the very significant reasons is a lack of communication and a lack of intimacy. It’s so depressive when the couple has nothing to talk about. We say that women and man should be like plus and minus. But as far as you can see it works not in all cases. Unfortunately, every third couple is getting divorced today. That is because the attitude to divorce has become easier and because there is no psychological preparedness of the spouses for family life. Rudeness, mutual offenses, humiliation, disrespectful attitude to each other, reluctance to help at home affairs and upbringing of children usually lead to the divorce. So take care of each other, respect and listen to your partner to have a successful marriage.

Conciliation and Contradiction of Quran Miracles with Modern Science

Executive Summary Muslims consider the Qur’an as a not only a holy book but also a book of miracles. This holy book came to exist through Prophet Muhammad’s revelation from Allah, the God of Islam. The Islamic holy book was revealed to Muhammad through prophet Jebril. The Qur’an is both conciliatory and contradictory with modern science.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Conciliation and Contradiction of Qur’an Miracles with Modern Science specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Research has revealed a conciliatory relationship between the Qur’an and modern science especially in the way it focuses on the miraculous ways in which the world will end and the big crunch. There is also conciliation between modern science and the miracles of the Qur’an in matters of the eventual expiry of the sun. However, in the same vein, contradictions are evident between the Qur’an and modern science on matters of miracles. The Qur’an cites that pork has various harmful effects on health. Modern science has highly opposed this claim. On the contrary, contemporary science has posed that there are health benefits of consuming well-cooked pork. In fact, it has moved on to improve on pork production in its endeavor to ensure food security in the world. Based on this foundation, this study seeks to research and discuss the conciliations and contradictions between the Qur’an and modern science. Overview of Qur’an and its miracles â€Å"So when the Trumpet is blown with a single blast, and the ground and the mountains are lifted and crushed with a single blow. On that Day, the Occurrence will occur and Heaven will be split apart, for that Day it will be very frail† (Qur’an, 1988, Surat al-Haqqa, 69:13-16) The above words are a clear evidence of the Qur’an predicting the end of the universe and the big crunch. The inference created by t his excerpt is that Allah will end the universe at his own will. In fact, the foretelling of this end occurs in many parts of the holy Qur’an, for instance when Mohammad observes that people have not been regarding Allah in the right way failing to know that He will one day fold up the universe into his hand (Qur’an, 1988, Surat az-Zumar, 39:67). In fact, the end of the universe is made clearer by the Qur’an in the phrase â€Å"folded up† that shows how easy it will be for Allah to clear it with His mighty powers. Moreover, the Qur’an predicts that the sun will eventually expire at a particular time that is only known to Allah who says that the sun will become still one day in the future (Qur’an, 1988, Surah Ya Sin, 38). This verse indicates that the sun and its functions will end that at a particular time in the future and that no Allah’s creation has the power to foretell this time.Advertising Looking for essay on religion the ology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For over 5 million years, human beings, animals, and plants have depended on sun’s energy for survival. Bussey (2013, p. 17) asserts that, although the sun may continue for a long duration, Allah will eventually stop it. In fact, the Qur’an affirms this claim in, â€Å"When the sun is compacted in blackness† (Qur’an, 1988, Surat at-Takwir, 1). This verse means that the sun will exist in a lifespan that is predetermined by the Almighty Allah who will then terminate it, and hence it’s eventual expiry. The Qur’an is clear that the sun and the moon will run for a ‘specific’ period. Moreover, similar information in the Qur’an affirms that Allah makes the day and night and that He also makes the sun and the moon run for a specified period (Qur’an, 1988, Surah Fatir, 13). The verse further asserts that Allah is in control of the uni verse. The idea of the sun existing for a specific time is evident when the Qur’an highlights how Allah has the power to create everything. From this assertion, one would also conclude that He has the power also to destroy any of His creation: the sun, the moon, and the earth among others (Qur’an, 1988, Surah az-Zumar’, 5). The miracles of the Qur’an have also indicated that consumption of pork is harmful to human health. The Qur’an asserts that consumption of pork will result to the contamination of human bodies that are consecrated for Allah. Consumption of pork is also forbidden since pigs are dirty according to Islam since they eat their feces and that they have excess production of growth hormones. In addition, certain worms that are harmful to the human heart muscles can infest pigs and eventually result in death. The Qur’an records that Allah has forbidden Muslims from carrion, pork, blood, and all things that are dedicated to him. Co nciliation of Qur’an with Modern Science End of Universe and the Big Crunch The prediction of the end of the world is in conciliation with modern science. Both the Qur’an and modern science explain that the world will end through a collapsing mechanism. The Qur’an records that the world will be folded up while modern science brings to light the issue of the big crunch that will result from the fierce heat. This process is clear in the Qur’an. In fact, it records that Allah will fold up the heaven as if it were pages of a book. The suggestion here is that Allah will eventually bring the world into an end just as he created it. However, one would wish to know whether Allah created the world and everything in it. In response to this puzzle, Bussey (2013, p. 17) asserts that Allah is the creator, and that He formed the universe and everything it accommodates. Besides, the Qur’an bestows Him with the power to fold it up in his own time, thus resulting i n its end and hence the end of all creations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Conciliation and Contradiction of Qur’an Miracles with Modern Science specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Battersby (2011 p.42), science has it that the universe will eventually collapse, and form a very minute point. In fact, modern science states that the earth will form a point that is less than a proton, but one, which will have the potential to destroy everything. This process is similar to what the Qur’an depicts, when it brings to light the power of one super being (Allah, just as a proton) amidst many other beings, which will have the capability of dismantling the shape of the universe. Hajdukovic (2010, p.1023) affirms that modern science depicts that, through ‘the Big Crunch’ theory, the universe will slowly collapse. Confirming the claim, Merali (2013, p.38) and Ling (2013, p.47) reveal h ow the dark energy in the world will eventually turn negative, thus making the world unstable and hence its collapsing. The inference is that, due to destabilization of the universe because of too much continuous extension, the force of gravity shall be overpowered. The result will be an inward collapse of the universe. This process is similar to the folding up of the world by Allah to the point of fitting in his hands. Just as energy will make the world collapse, Allah will use his Almighty power to crinkle it. Similarly, according to Battersby (2011 p.42), modern science explains the expansion of the universe will eventually reach its limits due to gravitational pull. The implication here is that a further pull of gravity will automatically distort the shape of the universe. The Sun will eventually expire There is a striking similarity in the teachings of the Qur’an and modern science on the subject of the expiry of the sun. The Qur’an records that the sun will run t o a fixed point of rest (Qur’an, 1988, Srah Ya Sin, 38). From a similar perspective, Scafetta, (2012, p.27) observes that modern science also depicts that the sun will eventually die. Although the sun may have lived for over five million years performing the function of lighting and heating the world, its reserve is predetermined to end in the future. It will expire after outdoing its life span that has been specified by its creator: Allah. Similarly, Dajani (2012, p.343) affirms that, from the expositions of modern science, approximately 4million tons of matter is used to produce energy in one second. The sun will therefore expire when this matter eventually diminishes. The continuously burning matter continues to lessen with time. The inference here is that it will eventually reach a point of depletion. It is out of the chemical reactions that take place during the combustion of this matter that the universe gets light and heat, which are produced in the process of consumin g matter and converting hydrogen nuclei into to helium gas. According to the contemporary science, production of light and heat happens due to nuclear fusion. Grant (2011, p.34) asserts that, when the source of hydrogen (matter) will end, the sun will also end. In this case, the core of the big star will collapse inwards. The process of igniting the core of the sun requires a massive source of energy to ignite helium atoms.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Merali (2013, p.38) observes that, after the depletion of the energy source, there will be no more energy sources and that the sun will therefore become a white dwarf. In fact, it will fade away and gradually become dim. Finally, there will be no light. The heat and light that the sun generates make human beings, plants, and animals exist based on the role that they (heat and light) play in their (human beings, plants, and animals) life. However, Dajani (2012, p.343) clings to the notion upheld by modern science that the sun also has a lifespan. With time, the sun will become hotter and hence expand more. These extreme temperatures will result in the evaporation of water bodies and consequently the death of all living things since human beings, animals, and plants depend on water for survival. Evaporation of water bodies will therefore mean the end of life. During that time, Grant (2011, p.34) foresees that the big star will become big, thus lessening gravitational pull. This situat ion will later on lead to its shrinking into carbon and oxygen dwarf. Conciliation between the Qur’an and modern science becomes true since the Qur’an was written a long time ago, approximately 1400 years ago. However, scientists realized the knowledge on how the sun functions and/or obtains its energy in the recent past, just as the Qur’an had revealed. When the Qur’an was authored, there was little or no scientific study of the sun and/or how it operates. Nevertheless, it indicated that the sun and its day-to-day occurrences would end one day in the future. The author of the Qur’an seems to have had a certain level of revelation in science that the chemicals that keep the sun in operation will go out. Contradiction Pork and its harmful effects on health The above section has shed light of the various similarities that are evident between the Qur’an and modern science. However, it is crucial to note that there are also a handful of contradi ctions. One of such contradictions is based on the way the two present the mystery behind the effects of pork on human health. The Qur’an depicts, â€Å"He has only forbidden you carrion, blood† (Qur’an, 1988, al-Baqarah  2: 173). The Qur’an teaches that pork eating is harmful to human health in many ways regardless of the methods that one may use to prevent such detrimental effects. The argument behind this claim is that pigs live in a dirty environment besides consuming virtually every dirty thing including their own fecal materials. Due to the filthy environment that the pigs prefer living in, their bodies emit a lot of antibodies and hormones, which eventually move to their tissues. Pork also contains a lot of cholesterol and lipids, which are harmful to human health. Hormones, lipids, and cholesterol are dangerous to human health. Proponents of the Qur’an’s teaching on the harmful effects of pork also argue that trichina, which is a v ery harmful substance, is found in most pig’s pork. When human beings eat pork, the substance gets into their bodies and settles in their heart muscles. Previously, there were no veterinary measures to detect trichina worms. However, modern science can detect them. It is also possible to protect people against the worms using the modern science medicine. However, modern science contradicts the teachings of the Qur’an on harmful effects of pork. Modern science does not oppose the consumption of pork. In fact, it has endeavored to teach people not to eat undercooked or uncooked pork since it hampers tapeworms and bilharzias worms. Cooking of pork makes the meat healthy for consumption just like any other meat. Contemporary science also teaches that pork is a good source of animal protein. Veterinary medicine and other animal health disciplines are working hard to ensure that they increase pork consumption in the world. Various breeds of pigs have also been produced throu gh modern methods of crossbreeding. Scientists have invested in the production of modern pig feeds. Modern methods of producing rearing feeds have also been developed. The argument that is posed by proponents of the teachings of the Qur’an concerning the harmful effects of pork has also been found wanting by modern scientists. Although these proponents have cited pork as the major cause of obesity in America, Germany, and other nations that record a high consumption of pork, scientists argue that there are many other causes and predisposing factors of obesity. Eggar (2009, p.78) observes that the major cause of obesity according to the modern science is poor lifestyle. People in countries such as America, where obesity is a major problem affecting more than 50% of the population, have poor life styles. In America, cultural factors are the leading causes of obesity. The American people prefer foods such as French fries, hamburgers, and even doughnuts. These foods have high fat contents since they are deep-fried. These foods are also easy to make, package, and sell. Due to their working habits, the Americans have no formal mealtime. In fact, they depend on snacks, which they take at any time of their choice. Their children have also been absorbed into this feeding habit. The American social life involves a lot of eating. For example, there is food that is available for people who transact businesses or during burials and even when they meet for social activities. This eating of readymade food and eating at all occasions rather than eating pork have increased rates of obesity. Eggar (2009, p.78) observes that technology is also to blame for obesity as opposed to eating pork in America and many other countries. People depend on machines to do the work instead of doing it themselves. Besides, they are rarely exercising. The availability of energy saving technologies is the indicator of a developing economy while it constitutes the ingredients of expanding th e waistlines and chronic diseases. For example, people use electronic technology to clean cars, dishes, and/or drive cars. These are the major causes of increased calories rather than pork eating as the Qur’an depicts. Conclusion Based on the expositions made in the study, the reader would stand a good chance of witnessing the conciliation and contradiction of the Qur’an’s miracles and modern science. Although the Qur’an is the holy book of the Islamic religion, it differs with modern science in some areas. However, the book is seen as a perfect prediction of various scientific occurrences that are happening today congruent to what the contemporary science forecasts to happen in the future. Despite of the fact that the Qur’an was authored about 14000 years ago, it had some valid insights that science has come to prove in the modern days, some of these conciliatory facts include the reality that the universe will eventually end contrary to the belie f of many people who see the impossibility of this happening. The Qur’an predicts that the world will end through the act Allah. The universe will therefore collapse inwards, thus destroying all the creatures living on it. In addition, the Qur’an also records that the sun will eventually fall. It depicts that Allah will stop both the sun and the mood from functioning in a particular time that He has set in the unknown future. People have all along questioned on how this can happen considering that the atom, the size of which the earth will take, is a very small object. However, the shape and size that the other particles will assume and/or disappear to remain a mystery that is yet to be unraveled, though known to Allah alone. However, there is a contradiction between the Qur’an and modern science on matters of the harmful effects of pork on health. The Qur’an depicts pork as a prohibited food since it results in harmful effects such as obesity on human he alth. However, modern science has proved that a well-cooked pork is healthy and a nutritious source of protein. Further research indicates other more severe causes of obesity such as poor lifestyles. Hence, according to the contemporary science, pork is not to blame for the increased obese people in countries where it is highly consumed. Reference List Battersby, S. (2011). How will it all end? New Scientist, 211(2822), 42-43. Bussey, J. (2013). God as First Cause – a Review of the Kalam Argument. Science Christian Belief, 25(1), 17-35. Dajani, Z. (2012). Evolution And Islam’s Quantum Question. Journal of Religion Science, 47(2), 343-353. Eggar, G. (2009). Health,â€Å"Illth† and economic growth. Medicine, Environment, and Economics at the Crossroadss, 37(1), 78. Grant, A. (2011). How to survive the end of the universe. Discover, 32(10), 34-40. Hajdukovic, S. (2010). What Would Be Outcome of a Big Crunch? International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 49(5), 10 23-1028. Ling, W. (2013). An Alternative Cosmology to the Big Bang-Dispersive Extinction Theory of Red Shift. Applied Physics Research, 5(2), 47-62. Merali, Z. (2013). Confronting the Dark. Discover, 34(4), 38-47. Qur’an. (1988). Text, Translation and Commentary. New York: Tahrike Tarsile Qur’an. Scafetta, N. (2012). Does the Sun work as a nuclear fusion amplifier of planetary tidal forcing? A proposal for a physical mechanism based on the mass-luminosity relation. Journal of Atmospheric Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 81/82(1), 27-34. This essay on Conciliation and Contradiction of Qur’an Miracles with Modern Science was written and submitted by user Payton Kelly to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Adapting Traditional Police Organizational Structu

Adapting Traditional Police Organizational Structu Adapting Traditional Police Organizational Structure to Accommodate Community Oriented Policing The changing face of society is forcing many police organizations to make many changes in the way they run, organize and structure their departments. As public expectations of police change from crime fighters to public safety problem solvers, police administrators must modify their organizational structure in order to meet broader mission statements and carry out new tasks. This structural modification is not simply a matter of changes boxes on organizational charts.To study police organization, it is necessary to first study the way in which law enforcement agencies are organized. An organizational pattern must be looked upon as a structure of authority headed by an executive possessing formal power to fulfill the department?s mission and to delegate portions of his power to his subordinates. An organization is a formal structure to facilitate tasks. When we consider the formal structure of an organization, we typically focus on two areas.English: THe Avondale community policing centre in...The first, is the formal relationship and duties of personnel in the organization, which include the organizational chart and job descriptions. The other area is the set of formal rules, policies, or procedures, and controls that serve to guide behavior of organizational members within the framework of the formal relationships and duties (Tansik Elliot, 1981).The challenge for professional police managers is to devise an integrated model of organization that takes into account both traditional organization theory and more contemporary organization theories (Trojanowicz Bucqueroux, 1990). This paper looks at this challenge as police organizations make the transition from traditional to community policing strategies.Traditional Organizational Theory Fundamentally, classical or traditional organization theory seeks to control from the top down ( Maris, 1997). In Weber?s bureaucra tic model, the organization of officers follows the principle of hierarchy, each member is specified with...

ASC Research F Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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FDI and Economic Growth Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

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Preventative methods of animal cruelty Essay Example for Free

Preventative methods of animal cruelty Essay Purpose By the end of this speech the audience will be able to know the proper preventative methods of animal cruelty, I also want my audience to know that animal cruelty is wrong and it shouldn’t be tolerated in any form. Introduction How many of you have pets? And how many of you would do anything for them? As seen in a recent study (according to animalcrueltyfacts.net in the year of 2011) 13% of intentional animal abuse cases involve domestic violence, also between 25% and 40% of battered women are unable to escape abusive situations because they worry about what will happen to their pets or livestock if they leave. In saying this animal abuse goes hand in hand with domestic abuse. Animal abuse is similar to domestic abuse because they both have the ability for the batterers to show the power and control that they have over their victims. (animalcruelty.net) Previous research indicates that batterers often threaten or harm pets in order to intimidate and control their female partners. Transition/first point: different types of abuse whether Animal abuse can be either passive or active. (animalcrueltyfact.org) When a person omits responsibility towards an animal is an example of passive abuse, while active abuse requires inflicting pain such as choking. This can be brought back to the comparison of animal abuse and domestic abuse, an example of passive abuse in regards to domestic abuse can be name calling swearing or making the victim feel little or like they don’t exist. An example of active abuse is physical violence such as hitting a spouse. Transition/ Second point: Animals have personalities and feelings like humans Darwin once stated â€Å"emotions exist in non-human animals, and his evolutionary theory suggests that behavioral traits, including personality, can evolve in just the same way as fins, wings and arms, he said. We should realize that studying the personality of animals could help us understand a lot about human personality. (utexas.edu) Although many people don’t believe it animals have feelings just like humans. They can feel pain and go through emotional distress. When an animal is mistreated and being abused they feel the same pain a person would if they were in the same situation. Transition/ Third point: Laws that can be passed or that are passed already Laws are passed in all 50 states that prevent abuse towards both animals and humans. Anti-cruelty laws exist in all U.S states and territories to prohibit unnecessary killing, mutilating, torturing, beating, neglecting the abandonment of animals or depriving them of proper food, water or shelter. (americanhumane.org) But these laws will never be enough. If you are in a situation in which you are confronted with animal or domestic abuse call your local police department or anyone that can help your specific situation. Conclusion I will conclude my speech by saying that animal abuse, domestic abuse, or that any kind of abuse is wrong. Animals are innocent creatures that do not have a voice of their own so why should they be mistreated? They are suffering in silence because they don’t have a voice. People need to come to the realization that animals need and deserve as much respect as any other creature, and until people start speaking up about cruelty towards animals or humans they will never be free of the cruel acts that are imprisoning them. Works cited * Jennifer , Robbins. domestic violence and animal abuse . Texas journal of women and law . 2006: 129-146. Web. 16 Dec. 2012. http://0web.ebscohost.com.helin.uri.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3hid=19sid=183b26d7-a3d6-4624-94e6- [emailprotected]. * www.animalcruelty.net * emily , suthertin. Animal cruelty:facts,prevention,statistics,and action . now public. N.p., 2012. Web. Web. 16 Dec. 2012. http://www.nowpublic.com/environment/animal-cruelty-facts-prevention-statistics-and-action-2886267.html. * Faver, Catherine A, and alonzo

King Lear :: essays research papers

King Lear Assignment 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Betrayal, Reconciliation, Authority versus Chaos, and Justice are different issues or themes that Shakespeare presents to his audience and asks them to battle and wrestle against. The first issue is the betrayal of the king and of Gloucester, and the reconciliation between them and their loved ones in the end, and the authority versus the chaos in the city on England and finally the Justice issue in which both the bodies of the good and the bad lay next to the each other in the end of the play. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shakespeare implies a parallel between the two themes of Blindness and Madness. The two characters who suffer the most in the play are Lear and Gloucester. Their stories are similar in many ways; however, while Lear slowly goes mad, Gloucester is blinded but remains sane. Lear and Gloucester both seem to be able to perceive certain things more clearly after they lose their faculties. Lear realizes only as he begins to go mad that Cordelia loves him and that Goneril and Regan are flatterers. He comes to understand the weakness of human nature at the same time when Gloucester comes to understand which son is really good and which is bad at the very moment of his blinding. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Betrayals play an important role in the play and show the workings of wickedness in both the familial and political realms. Brothers betray brothers and children betray fathers. Goneril and Regan’s betrayal of Lear raises them to power in Britain, where Edmund, who has betrayed both Edgar and Gloucester, joins them. Also Reconciliation has an important role between Lear and Cordelia as a dramatic personification of true, self-sacrificing love. Rather than hating Lear for banishing her, Cordelia remains devoted to her king and father who meanwhile, learns a cruel lesson in humility and eventually reaches the point where he can reunite joyfully with Cordelia. These two issues of betrayal and Reconciliation have a clear relevance to our world today where there are lots of betrayals and reconciliations between families. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  King Lear wanted to divide the kingdom among his three daughters. He intended to give up the responsibilities of government and spend his old age visiting his children. He commanded his daughters to say which of them loved him the most, and promised to give the greatest share to that daughter. Lear’s two older daughters, Goneril and Regan, responded to his test, telling him in exaggerated terms that they loved him more than anything else.

Eid vs Christmas Essay

In the building with the blue windows and the diamond shaped roof tops, children dressed in red and green with rosy cheeks, were gaily singing: â€Å"Jingle Bells, Jingle Bells, Jingle all the way! Oh what fun it is to ride in a one more hoppin’ slay! Hey! †¦ Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year! † In the building across the street, with the pink windows and the mosque behind it, families were visiting each other in their newly bought clothes and shining shoes, wishing each other: Eid Mubarak, Dear Brother, Dear Sister May Allah’s blessings be bestowed upon you and your family! † The year 2008 is host to Christmas and Eid al Adha during the same month, only a few days apart. One would notice that decorations and celebrations favour one of the Religious Holidays over the other. Why have we chosen to commercialise Christmas and not the Islamic event of Eid? How is it that worldwide Christmas is rejoiced at an extreme point of merriment, whereas Eid al Ad ha is commemorated only within its Islamic communities? The historical references of the birth of Christ (As) and the sacrifice of Ibrahim(As) and his son are known within both religions and are testimonies of social gatherings. Actually, in our Islamic religion we learn that Ibrahim (As) would sacrifice his son Ismael (As) in Makah, while among the Christians, they believe that Ibrahim (As) would sacrifice his son Isaac (As), not Ismael (As), in Palestine. Artists painted the scenes, poets rhymed the stories, authors researched the history, all in tribute to the religious aspect of the culture of their upbringings. So, why is Christmas the prize of the globalization of the market, and not Eid al Adha? Why is Christmas more widely accepted as a commercial Holiday and not Eid? Throughout history, religion has been a battleground for the survival of cultures and traditions. Territory was fought for based on religion, international communications broke down because of different convictions. Yet, the holidays seem to unite even people who are the farthest apart. Thanksgiving, Easter, Ramadan, Eid al Fitr, Eid al Adha and Christmas are celebrations that should be known worldwide; and for the most part they are. In the United States and Canada they honour Thanksgiving, also most westren countries have Easter and Christmas holidays; the Orient celebrate with some of these holidays. However, come Ramadan or Eid, and only the immediate Islamic based countries, like the Middle East and the South-Asian countries, know the details of the holiday. Abu Dhabi is an example of a multi-tradition and multi-cultural city. Every year, Ramadan is noticed and felt all over the city, even its peripheries. Usually, both Eids are just as important as Ramadan is. Nonetheless, this year, because Christmas and Eid al Adha are so close to each other, the shopping malls, hotels and other retail outlets are decorated with the spirit of Christmas and not the joy of Eid al Adha. The controversy is that this is an Islamic country, yet the atmosphere feels very occidental. There are Islamic countries that allow a one-day or two-day holiday scheme for Christmas, whereas Western countries don’t instigate the notion of respecting the religion of others in their society. This demonstrates the respect Islamic based governments have towards their inhabitants, what does it say about the Occident? The Islamic goverments does no justice to the foundation of its roots. It is quite disappointing when the nation’s leaders are not intervening and stating that Eid is as important as Christmas; maybe even more so! This is a country whose laws and government regulations are born from the Quran itself. True, Jesus’ (As) birth is a belief amongst Muslims, but so is the sacrificial symbol of the Adha a belief amongst the Christians and other religions in the world. Why can’t all cultures adopt the Islamic tradition of gifting children with new clothes and taking them out to restaurants and amusement parks? The government does not encourage Eid as much as it allows public places to be enveloped in Christmas decorations. In France, the Arab communities hold visitations and share in Islamic customs within their brotherhood, whilst around them Christmas carols are sung and the city is embellished in tinsel and goblins, awaiting the arrival of â€Å"Santa Claus†, or in their terms â€Å"Pere Noel. In Dubai, much like Abu Dhabi, hotels and restaurants have special Christmas luncheons. Shops and Malls give away special offers during the ‘Festive Season’. There is yet to be established an Eid theme blanketing the cities where Islam is the religion of base, like that of Christmas. What is even more upsetting is that Christmas is in itself less religious and more commercial than it was 500 years ago. Christmas has a face, a fi gure one can imagine when thinking of the Holiday: a jolly man, with a red suit and a white beard. He did not always look like this. â€Å"Santa Claus† acquired his red suit and the big belly through a Coca Cola advertisement in 1931. His image changed, distorted almost, into what we know now as â€Å"Ho! Ho! Ho! Merry Christmas! † by many cartoonists. â€Å"Through the centuries, Santa Claus has been depicted as everything from a tall gaunt man to an elf. He has worn a bishop’s robe and a Norse huntsman’s animal skin. The modern-day Santa Claus is a combination of a number of the stories from a variety of countries†*. (Coca-cola. om) Children stop believing in him at a very early age, whereas before, they would reach the age of maturity and only then learn that â€Å"Santa Claus† is a spirit of St. Nicholas. Eid al Adha, was, is and always will be the same. The story never changes. The facts are facts, not subject to individual interpretation. Families pass on the same heritage that remains untouched, untainted, unpenetrated by social ref orm. In conclusion, I strongly believe that the injustice the Islamic governors does, the discrimination between religions should be educated to a halt. Eid al Adha is my upbringing. Within my family, an uncle has a Christian wife, their house is always decorated with Christmas twinkles during the season; this year, they waited with the decorations until after Eid al Adha. As a Muslim in an Islamic society, I have been brought up to respect all religions and beliefs by our Islamic governments; so why now can’t the Islamic governments respect their religion that they take oath to respect, protect, and maintain it?

An Overview Of American Higher Education - 838 Words

An Overview of American Higher Education (Baum, 2013) focuses on the evolving definition of a â€Å"college† over the past fifty years. Over this time period, colleges have made changes from focusing on academia discipline to job preparation (Baum, 2013). The expected length of time to obtain a college degree as change as well. The term college encompasses four-year tracks, community colleges, certificate programs and half-time attendance, where a degree can be achieved at your own pace. In the 1960s America’s competitive edge was declining on a national scale and this encouraged a push for a more educated America. Furthermore, the expanding variety of post-secondary education opportunities grew from the idea that access to higher education should be more available, finically and geographically, to the population (Baum, 2013). The federal government decided to become more involved with growing access to higher education through financial programs. They believed making c ollege more affordable increased access to students (Baum, 2013). Their decision made grants, scholarships, and other forms of aid more available to students pursing education after high school. Thus, putting accessibility and affordability at a higher priority than quality of education. Financial assistant programs included a Pell Grant fund and state-funded programs (Baum, 2013). With the increased accessibility, traditionally minoritized and underrepresented populations on campus, specifically female studentsShow MoreRelatedAffirmative Action in Universities728 Words   |  3 Pagessociologists shows that of the students with a 3.2-3.39 GPA applied to medical school, â€Å"Asian Americans had an acceptance rate of 7.7%, while African Americans had a 67.3% acceptance rate† (Espenshade, Radford). While this supports minorities, 1st and 2nd generation Asian Americans are often left with the worst disadvantage. 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Understand How Jp Morgan Ended Up Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2997 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The infamous Jamie Dimon joined the darling financial institution in 2005 as CEO and also joined the New York Federal Reserve bank board in 2008. 4 Notorious for his squeaky clean reputation relative to many of his contemporaries, his myriad successes in the big banking world landed him four times on Time magazines 100 Most Influential People list. While the whale tale that plays out in the remainder of the paper threatened to tarnish his sterling leadership (and that of the firms), his navigation surrounding the event is one of the reasons JP Morgan surfaced, ultimately, intact. The Set Up Usually, a story of this nature would trigger thoughts of the rogue trader phenomena at UBS or Societe General. However, this story has a twist. What is lurking beneath the infamous London Whale trader, Bruno Iksil, is a whole department enabling the beast. That department was the firms Chief Investment Office (CIO). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Understand How Jp Morgan Ended Up Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The major responsibility of CIO was to manage the firms excess cash reserves through investments that would meet their future liquidity needs and hedge their $350 billion balance sheet. This was primarily done by investing in a diverse portfolio of high credit quality, fixed income securities that had maintained an average rating of AA+. At its helm was Ina Drew, appointed by Dimon in 2005. The following year her team was able to lift the $20 million trading loss limit for their department. In 2007, they started the Synthetic Credit Portfolio to hedge the inherent credit risk in the firms main business lines. (This portfolio is a key character in the story and will be discussed further in the following section.) By 2010, CIO had brought in 25% of JP Morgans annual profits of $20 billion. At this point, with loss limit barriers removed, exotic new products in the mix, and record profits, one might think that more transparent and thorough department reporting would be required. However, according to JP Morgans task force, CIO actually lost its alertness and became less concentrated on the trading details. Focused more on top line risk measurement numbers that, ironically, masked their ever-growing risk exposure; one might say they lost the trees for the forest. In fact, some commentators thought CIO had deflected from its original purpose and become the worlds biggest proprietary trading counter. In other words, it had become a profit center not a risk management center. Because CIO was so actively increasing its exposure to high yield bonds and various over-the-counter derivative products, the risk of its trades became nearly equal to that of the entire investment banking department at JP Morgan. Since the fund-raising cost for CIO was lower than that for the investment banking arm, the regulations were less, and there was a history of successes, Dimon was moving more and more trading business to CIO. It was this sense from the rest of the trading community, of a growing whale, that partially fueled the pressure and cornering felt inside CIO. The Methodology The positions in the Synthetic Credit Portfolio consisted of standardized indices based on a number of credit default swaps (CDS) on debt issuers.[footnote: JP Morgan Report on Trading Loss] A credit default swap is a financial swap agreement in which the seller of the CDS will pay the buyer if a loan defaults. A CDS is a derivative contract, but acts very much like an insurance contract. The riskier a bond is, the higher the price of the insurance will be. There are different prices for different bonds to be insured from defaults. Also, issuers can choose to insure either the buyer or the seller of the bond. The trader language is intuitively a little backwards in the banking world for CDS. Being long a CDS is buying protection and is effectively a short risk position. Conversely, shorting a CDS is selling insurance and creating a long risk exposure. A firm like JP Morgan is in the business of being long on financial risk by way of their principal banking service functions. Hence, the objective of CIO was to have a net long CDS position to mitigate these risks. CIO added a layer of complexity in its Synthetic Credit Portfolio by choosing to trade the Credit Default Swap Index (CDX) which serves as a benchmark for protecting bondholders against default similar to equity value indices. This is what the CDS index of investment grade firms looked like on Apr.18th, 2012. Notice that it doesnt show the price changing over time like stock indexes do. Rather, it shows prices of the swap depending on the period of time the swap covers, more like the yield curve of a bond. Typically, an upward sloping CDX curve means that it is healthy. That is, the riskier a bond is, the higher the price of the insurance will be. Because, as the time period becomes longer, the more opportunity there is for unexpected events to happen, the riskier it is. So, swaps with longer time intervals cost more than those with shorter ones Iskil went on to implement a flattener strategy on the CDX curve, basically, betting the front end (left) of the CDX curve would go up relative to the back (right.) Although there are several ways to do this, CIO chose to do so by buying short term CDS and selling long term CDS. If the CDX curve really flattens, meaning that short-term swap prices rise faster than long-term swaps, investors will make a profit. If the market moves on a small scale, the short/long positions will cancel each other out, making the total position market neutral. With the move by the U.S. Federal Reserve, announced in the third quarter of 2011, to implement a massive Operation Twist agenda, its easy to see why CIO initially adopted their strategy. The aim of the Feds objective was to, indeed, flatten the U.S. Treasury yield curve and CIO seemed to be going with the flow. So, where did they go wrong? The key point is that, to maintain the flattener strategy, you have to keep your long and short positions balanced. As these products continually either shift in value or expire, a trader has to frequently enter into new trades. Also, in order to keep the balance between products that does not move step-in-step, an accurate ratio must be established. As shorter term products are less volatile than longer term products, a one-to-one ratio on rate curves is insufficient. Traders will need a greater amount of the near term product to offset the longer dated maturities. Disrupting this ration degrades the hedge into an outright long or short position on the index, leaving it enormous exposure to the market. 6 Worlds Collide At the Harbor Investment Conference that took place in February 2012, leading hedge fund managers came together and were subjected to the sales pitch for one particular off-the-run CDX, the Series9 IG 10-year Index (where IG is short for Investment Grade.) The products appeal was the existence of several of its bond components that had subsequently been downgraded since the indexs inception in 2007.13 Given the lack of a department Treasurer since October 2011, the introduction of competing top line objectives at the start of 2012 (discussed below,) and the initial losses beginning to occur in January, CIO must have thought they had found the Holy Grail. But, prudence was out the door. Iskil built up $12 billion of shorter term maturities matched up with $20 billion of longer term maturities in the Series 9. Anyone active in calendar spreads would recognize this as an outright directional trade. In addition, Iksils portion of the overall CDS market was so large that he was quickly running out of counterparties to his accumulating positions.12 As soon as JP Morgan couldnt hide its positions any more, due to their overwhelming presence in this niche market (and whatever leaked out at the Harbor conference), hedge fund traders started to collectively move against them. Ultimately, the other market participants were able to alter the price for what JP Morgan was looking for and caused their extraordinary losses. And, it would take CIO several months of mounting losses to accept this truth. 12 A Game of Poker At times, it seems that CIO was infected with many elements of the gamblers psychology including overconfidence and belief perseverance. Up until that point, it appears they had attributed their significant successes to themselves rather than other market factors. In tandem, they anchored their values of the portfolio and preserved their belief of this value by refusing to accept price movements as real and citing leaks of their positions as the source of divergence.16 While CIO was right that there were outside forces putting pressure on prices unrelated to typical market conditions, they were wrong in believing that it wasnt real or sustainable. If CIO had disclosed the position and loss every step of the way, the situation may have been reversible. What was At Risk? 12 On top of all this, they had a major problem with their Value-at-Risk (VaR) model, a statistical risk measure used to base how much a trader might lose in one day. A precise VaR model is important and the one that CIO used was different from the rest of banks. It developed the VaR model on its own and the weight setting was lower. CIO had been petitioning to implement a new model throughout this key period, late in 2011 and early 2012. The VaR number decreased dramatically to $67 million per day from $129 million. Iksils VaR alone was often $30 million to $40 million, sometimes reaching $60 million. Thats almost equal to level for the firms entire investment bank. A minor adjustment in the mathematical calculations (incorrectly omitting a division symbol to create an average rather than a sum), significantly altered the output of the model. 12 In the report released by JP Morgan, there were some risk protocol breakdowns in the models development, approval and implementation process. For instance, back testing was not rigidly required by the firms management as only two months worth was done to gain the models approval. So, it became operational with many technical problems embedded in the system including the increased potential for error by requiring manual data entry. Further, the developer and the operator were the same person which breaches the separation of duties best practice. This combination left CIO depending on a highly inaccurate model. Observations An influential company, like JP Morgan, who prided themselves on being a leader in managing financial risk, took a wrong turn and lost sight of core fundamentals. ÂÂ  In a report released by the Task Force of JP Morgan, there are a few areas where they feel that the CIO failed to do their job in terms of judgment and acting on their concerns. ÂÂ   One such area was how upper management established inconsistent priorities for the Synthetic Credit Portfolio that proved near impossible to follow simultaneously. The priorities included keeping the risk balanced while managing both VaR, gains/losses, and reducing the Risk Weighted Assets (RWA). When trying to achieve these all at once, varying priorities created conflict and fostered a platform to develop their unusual strategies in an effort to meet multiple objectives. ÂÂ  If CIO management had listed these priorities in order of true importance while also developing a way to act on them, there would have been a stronger framework to reconcile front line strategies against top line goals. In addition, a type of fire sale, exit strategy needed to be outlined in advance of the trading positions going awry. ÂÂ   It is no wonder that from this complicated profile of priorities there come even more complex trading strategies. When theyÂÂ  were conceived, the CIO managers, as well as their personnel, did not fully understand how to use these products in a way that managed the risk they were creating. These strategies should have undergone extensive analysis on their impact to the RWA, especially, given their notional amounts prior to trading. Ultimately, upper management was responsible for taking more time to develop comprehensive trading strategies that required the whole department had extensive product knowledge under numerous scenarios. The CIO didnt obtain or even ask for detailed reports on specifically the Synthetic Credit Portfolio. By not having reports generated in real time, the Chief Investment Officer had little knowledge on what the trading activity looked like on a day to day basis. ÂÂ  Instead, she just simply checked the portfolios profits and losses. Even more concerning is the lack of efficient communication between traders and senior members and officers of the department. Reports show that multiple warnings were given by traders to different senior members expressing concern regarding the riskiness and volatility of this portfolio. A catalyst for this breakdown was the significant changeup in managers within a short period of time beginning in late 2011 through early 2012. However, a company of JP Morgans size and history should be able to easily withstand routine shakeups of this nature. Consistent communication, seamless management transitions, and intimate knowledge of shifting valuations are not areas to be lacking in especially when it comes to the scale of assets JP Morgan possesses. Despite numerous attempts to voice concerns during the first few months of 2012, CIO management did not disclose any problems or losses for the portfolio to the board. The Aftermath Internal Impact While the firms share price took a huge plunge immediately following the height of the losses, a year later the stock has more than recovered. Its overall ranking as a world company has dropped, however, from 36 in 2011 to 51 in 2012.1 Many members of the Synthetic Credit Portfolio team, including Messrs. Goldman, Wilmot and Weiland departed the company along with Drew. Dimon took a 50% pay cut for 2012 and the firm was seeking claw backs from various other employees as well. Several additional steps have been implemented to better manage CIO since then. With new faces in CIOs leadership team, such as CIO Matthew Zames and CFO Marie Nourie, the department has upgraded its reporting and modeling. Reports now include detailed trading and positions data and VaR models have automated control features. A CIO Investment Committee meeting is now held weekly and Business Control Committee meetings are held monthly with a cross-reference team with the Risk Committee. New departments to supplement CIO, called Deputy CRO/Head of Firm-wide Market Risk to monitor market risk and Wholesale Chief Credit Officer (WCCO) to assess the wholesale credit risk, were also created. Actions to strengthen the model review group are focused on selecting the most significant models, testing and reviewing risk exposure precisely, specifying different models to different products, and updating the database. CIO also enhanced the limit structure, such as 53 new country exposure limits, also applicable to both CIO and Treasury, as a subset to the Firm-wide Country Exposure Limits (From: JPMorgan Report on Trading Loss). These new risk policies offer specified rules to CIO and require them to limit the risk onto a transparent and controllable scale. Social Impact According to OCCs quarterly report on bank derivatives activities, in the fourth quarter of 2011, the big five banks (JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America, Citigroup, Goldman Sachs and HSBC) held 95.7% of the U.S. $ 230.8 trillion derivatives in the outstanding balance. After JPMorgans announcement of the huge loss, major banks stock price acted as: Citigroup fell 2.4 percent, BoA fell 1.7%, Morgan Stanley fell 3.2% and Goldman Sachs fell 2.7%. As the Butterfly Storm presents, a small abnormal fluctuation will bring a disaster to the worldwide financial industry. And the amount at stake is powerful enough to destroy it. Standard Poors and Moodys both downgraded the rating of JPMorgan after the firm disclosed its initial trading loss of $2 billion. As we can see from the chart, the last credit rating was lowered and future rating downgrades are possible reflecting increased concerns about the banks hedging capabilities. Macintosh HD:Users:xuli:Pictures:JPMorgan rating from SP.png The next graph shows Moodys rating downgrade in response to JPMorgans London branch problems. It was downgraded from Aa2 to Aa3 since 21 Jun 2012. Macintosh HD:Users:xuli:Pictures:JPMorgan London Branch from Moodys.png The following chart shows the rating for JPMorgan Chase financial strength declining from B to C in the middle of 2012. Macintosh HD:Users:xuli:Pictures:JPMorgan Chase from Moodys.png Whats more, the rating on long-term debt was lowered from Aa3 to A2, which means Moodys regards JPMorgans debt as riskier making it more costly for them to raise funds in the future. In addition, it has altered the risk profile for existing bondholders portfolios. Regulatory Impact Dimon was requested to appear in congressional hearings regarding the loss. The Federal Reserve and OCC called for JPMorgan to improve its risk management team and rebuild the CIO department structure. In addition, federal regulators commanded JPMorgan to improve its money-laundering prevention. Conclusion As Mr.Dimon said to Meet the Press: we have a huge security portfolio, we are a big bank. In fact this security portfolio has unrealized gain of $80 billion, but in how we manage that portfolio we did lose $2 billion. We took far too much risk, the strategy we had built is badly verified and badly monitor. It should never happen. Certainly, Jamie Dimons long-standing reputation and willingness to cooperate in various sentence hearings displays a role model case for handling such crises. Weathering this storm required the collaborative effort of many of the firms top talent. From assessing the damage, to outlining more than a band aid fix. Dimon, speaking as a panelist at the 2013 Davos convention, pointed out that these losses were sustained in an area protected from clients accounts. However, this was a major malfunction in the company, that consults other international firms to avoid this. When a huge $6 billion loss occurs in a department aimed at reducing risk rather than taking it, it comes as no surprise that business leaders began taking notes. The trades and risks were in such great magnitude that it is crucial with true risk management for the officers to have been monitoring this activity closely, accurately and often.